Understanding HTTP, HTTPS, and REST API Fundamentals

Course: Android App Development

Topic: Understanding HTTP, HTTPS, and REST API Fundamentals

Course Link: Android App Development Course

Demo Link: Register for a Free Course Demo

Website: JustAcademy

1. Introduction to HTTP, HTTPS, and REST APIs

Modern Android applications frequently communicate with remote servers to retrieve information, authenticate users, upload files, process payments, and synchronize application data. These operations rely on network communication technologies such as HTTP, HTTPS, and REST APIs.

For example, a shopping application may request product information from a server, send customer login credentials to an authentication endpoint, and submit an order through an API. The server processes these requests and returns a response that the Android application displays to the user.

Understanding these concepts helps Android developers build secure, reliable, efficient, and maintainable applications.

Learning Objectives

• Understand the meaning and purpose of HTTP.
• Learn how HTTPS protects communication between clients and servers.
• Understand REST API architecture and resource-based URLs.
• Identify HTTP request methods and response status codes.
• Learn how JSON data is exchanged between Android applications and servers.
• Understand API integration, error handling, authentication, and network security.
• Practice implementing API requests in Android using Kotlin.

2. What Is HTTP?

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is an application-layer protocol used to exchange information between clients and servers over a network.

HTTP is commonly used to load websites and communicate with web services. In Android development, applications can use HTTP-based APIs to request information from backend systems.

Example of HTTP Communication

Imagine an Android weather application that needs to display the current temperature of a city.

1. The user opens the weather application.
2. The application sends a request to a weather API.
3. The server receives and processes the request.
4. The server retrieves weather information from its data source.
5. The server returns a response containing the weather data.
6. The application parses the response and displays the temperature.

Basic HTTP Request Example

GET /api/weather?city=Mumbai HTTP/1.1
Host: api.example.com
Accept: application/json

In this example, the client requests weather information for Mumbai and indicates that it can accept JSON data.

Important Characteristics of HTTP

• Client-server architecture: The client sends requests, and the server returns responses.
• Stateless communication: Each request is generally independent. Applications may use tokens, cookies, or sessions to maintain user context.
• Extensibility: Headers and additional protocol features support different communication requirements.
• Multiple data formats: HTTP can transfer JSON, HTML, images, files, and other content types.
• Request-response model: A client sends a request and receives a response from the server.

Important: HTTP itself does not encrypt application data. Plain HTTP traffic can be exposed or modified by an attacker who can intercept the connection.

3. What Is HTTPS?

HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It uses HTTP over a connection protected by Transport Layer Security (TLS).

TLS helps protect information exchanged between an Android application and a server. It provides encryption, integrity protection, and server authentication through certificate validation.

Why HTTPS Is Important

• Confidentiality: Helps prevent unauthorized parties from reading transmitted information.
• Integrity: Helps detect unauthorized modification of transmitted data.
• Authentication: Enables the client to verify the server's identity through certificate validation.
• Safer API communication: Protects sensitive requests, responses, and authentication tokens during transmission.

Example of an HTTPS Request

GET /api/products HTTP/1.1
Host: api.example.com
Accept: application/json

The request has the same general HTTP structure, but it is transmitted through a TLS-protected connection when the URL uses HTTPS.

HTTP vs HTTPS

Best Practice for Android Developers

Use HTTPS for production API communication. Do not assume that an API is secure simply because its URL begins with HTTPS; the server must be configured correctly, certificates must be validated, and sensitive information must be handled securely.

4. Understanding the Client-Server Architecture

Client-server architecture separates the user-facing application from the backend system that processes requests and manages data.

Main Components

• Client: The Android application that initiates requests.
• Network: The communication path between the application and server.
• API endpoint: A URL that exposes a particular backend operation or resource.
• Backend server: The system that validates requests and executes business logic.
• Database: The storage system used to retrieve or persist information.
• Response: The result returned by the server to the Android application.

Example Workflow

Android Application
        |
        | HTTPS Request
        v
REST API Endpoint
        |
        v
Backend Business Logic
        |
        v
Database
        |
        v
JSON Response
        |
        v
Android UI Update

The Android application generally communicates with the API rather than connecting directly to the production database. This allows the backend to enforce authentication, authorization, validation, and business rules.

5. What Is a REST API?

REST stands for Representational State Transfer. It is an architectural style for designing networked applications. A REST API exposes resources through identifiable URLs and uses HTTP methods to interact with those resources.

REST is not a programming language or a specific library. It describes architectural constraints and principles for designing distributed systems.

Common REST API Resources

A resource represents an entity or collection of entities that an API makes available.

• Users
• Products
• Orders
• Categories
• Messages
• Payments

Example REST Endpoints

How REST APIs Work

1. The Android application identifies the required resource.
2. It sends an HTTP request to the corresponding endpoint.
3. The server validates the request and checks permissions.
4. The backend performs the requested operation.
5. The server returns an HTTP status code and, when appropriate, a response body.
6. The application interprets the response and updates the interface.

6. Principles of REST Architecture

6.1 Client-Server Separation

The client manages the user interface and user interactions, while the server manages shared data and backend business logic. This separation allows the mobile application and backend to evolve independently.

6.2 Statelessness

Each request should contain the information needed to process it, such as authentication credentials or a resource identifier. The server should not depend on hidden client-session state to interpret a REST request.

For example, an authenticated request may include an access token in the Authorization header.

Authorization: Bearer YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN

Use a real token supplied by the authentication system. Never place actual credentials in example code or public repositories.

6.3 Resource-Based URLs

REST APIs identify resources through URLs. Resource names are usually expressed as nouns rather than action-oriented phrases.

Recommended:
GET /api/products
GET /api/products/101

Less resource-oriented:
GET /api/getAllProducts
GET /api/deleteProduct/101

6.4 Uniform Interface

REST APIs use consistent conventions for resource identification, HTTP methods, representations, and responses. Consistency makes endpoints easier to understand and maintain.

6.5 Cacheability

Responses should indicate whether they can be cached. Appropriate caching can reduce network traffic and improve application performance. Private user data must not be placed in shared caches without careful security controls.

6.6 Layered System

Requests may pass through components such as gateways, load balancers, proxies, and authentication services before reaching the application server.

6.7 Code on Demand

REST allows executable code to be provided to a client as an optional constraint. It is not a requirement for every REST API.

7. HTTP Request Methods Used in REST APIs

HTTP methods indicate what action a client intends to perform on a resource. Selecting the correct method makes APIs easier to understand and use.

GET Request

A GET request retrieves data without intending to change the server's application state.

GET https://api.example.com/api/products

Example use case: displaying a list of products in an Android RecyclerView.

POST Request

A POST request submits information to the server. It is often used to create a resource or perform an operation.

POST /api/products
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "name": "Wireless Mouse",
  "price": 799
}

The server may return status code 201 Created when a new product has been created successfully.

PUT Request

PUT typically replaces the target resource with the representation supplied in the request. The server's exact validation and replacement behavior depends on its API contract.

PUT /api/products/101
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "name": "Wireless Keyboard",
  "price": 1299
}

PATCH Request

PATCH is used to make a partial update when supported by the API.

PATCH /api/products/101
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "price": 999
}

DELETE Request

DELETE requests the removal of a resource. The server may return 200 OK, 202 Accepted, or 204 No Content, depending on the implementation.

DELETE /api/products/101

Important: PUT and DELETE are defined as idempotent HTTP methods. Repeating an equivalent request should have the same intended effect on the target resource, although response details may differ. POST is not generally idempotent.

8. Understanding URLs and API Endpoints

A URL identifies the location of a resource or API endpoint. Developers should understand its parts to construct correct requests.

Example URL

https://api.example.com:443/api/products/101?category=electronics

Query Parameters

Query parameters are useful for filtering, searching, sorting, and pagination.

GET /api/products?category=electronics
GET /api/products?page=2&limit=20
GET /api/products?sort=price&order=asc

These examples illustrate common conventions. Actual parameter names and supported filters depend on the API documentation.

9. Understanding HTTP Headers

HTTP headers provide additional information about a request or response. They describe content formats, authentication, caching, and other communication requirements.

Example JSON Request Headers

Content-Type: application/json
Accept: application/json
Authorization: Bearer YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN

Send only the headers required by the API. An Authorization header should be included only when the endpoint requires authentication.

10. Understanding HTTP Status Codes

HTTP status codes communicate the outcome of a request. Android developers should inspect both the status code and the response body because a response can contain useful error details.

Status Code Categories

• 1xx: Informational responses.
• 2xx: Successful requests.
• 3xx: Redirection.
• 4xx: Client-side request or authorization issues.
• 5xx: Server-side or upstream service failures.

Note: A network timeout or DNS failure may occur without an HTTP status code because the client may never receive a valid HTTP response.

11. Understanding JSON in REST APIs

JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation. It is a lightweight data-interchange format widely used by REST APIs.

Example JSON Response

{
  "id": 101,
  "name": "Wireless Mouse",
  "price": 799,
  "inStock": true,
  "category": "Electronics"
}

JSON Data Types

Why JSON Is Useful in Android

• It is readable and relatively compact.
• It supports nested objects and arrays.
• It can be converted into Kotlin data classes.
• It is supported by common networking and serialization libraries.

12. Configuring Internet Access in Android

An Android application generally needs the INTERNET permission to access network services. Declare it in the application's manifest file.

AndroidManifest.xml

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

    <application
        android:label="API Demo"
        android:theme="@style/Theme.App">
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

The INTERNET permission is a normal permission and does not ordinarily require a runtime permission dialog. The application must still handle unavailable connectivity, timeouts, and server errors.

Network Security Considerations

• Prefer HTTPS endpoints in production.
• Do not enable cleartext traffic globally just to make an API work.
• Use Android's Network Security Configuration when specific network security policies are needed.
• Keep access tokens and sensitive data out of logs.
• Validate API certificates correctly; do not disable certificate checks to bypass TLS errors.

13. Making REST API Requests in Android Using Kotlin

Android applications can use libraries such as Retrofit and OkHttp to communicate with HTTP APIs. Retrofit provides a declarative interface for API endpoints, while OkHttp handles HTTP communication.

The following example demonstrates a common Retrofit workflow. It assumes that the project already has compatible Retrofit, Gson converter, and Kotlin coroutine dependencies configured.

Step 1: Create a Kotlin Data Class

data class Product(
    val id: Int,
    val name: String,
    val price: Double
)

The class represents a product returned by the API. The property names and types should match the actual JSON response, or use appropriate serialization annotations.

Step 2: Define the API Interface

import retrofit2.http.GET
import retrofit2.http.Path

interface ProductApi {

    @GET("api/products")
    suspend fun getProducts(): List<Product>

    @GET("api/products/{id}")
    suspend fun getProduct(
        @Path("id") productId: Int
    ): Product
}

The @GET annotation specifies the HTTP method and endpoint path. The suspend keyword allows the functions to be called from a coroutine.

Step 3: Configure Retrofit

import retrofit2.Retrofit
import retrofit2.converter.gson.GsonConverterFactory

object ApiClient {

    private const val BASE_URL =
        "https://api.example.com/"

    val productApi: ProductApi by lazy {
        Retrofit.Builder()
            .baseUrl(BASE_URL)
            .addConverterFactory(
                GsonConverterFactory.create()
            )
            .build()
            .create(ProductApi::class.java)
    }
}

Replace the example base URL with the real HTTPS API address. Retrofit base URLs must follow its URL requirements, including a trailing slash.

Step 4: Call the API from a Coroutine

import android.util.Log
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel
import androidx.lifecycle.viewModelScope
import kotlinx.coroutines.launch

class ProductViewModel : ViewModel() {

    fun loadProducts() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            try {
                val products =
                    ApiClient.productApi.getProducts()

                Log.d("Products", products.toString())

                // Update observable UI state here.
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                Log.e(
                    "Products",
                    "Unable to load products",
                    e
                )

                // Publish a safe error state to the UI.
            }
        }
    }
}

This example shows the basic flow. A production application should distinguish network failures, HTTP error responses, serialization failures, and cancellation. It should expose loading, success, and error states to the UI instead of relying on logs alone.

Step 5: Display the Data

After receiving the response, the ViewModel can publish the product list through StateFlow or another observable state mechanism. The Activity or Fragment collects that state and updates the interface.

For long lists, use RecyclerView or Jetpack Compose's LazyColumn rather than building the entire list manually. Include loading indicators, empty states, and retry actions where appropriate.

14. Sending POST Requests from Android

POST requests are commonly used to submit forms, create records, or initiate backend operations. Retrofit can serialize Kotlin objects into JSON when the appropriate converter is configured.

Request Data Class

data class CreateProductRequest(
    val name: String,
    val price: Double
)

API Interface

import retrofit2.http.Body
import retrofit2.http.POST

interface ProductApi {

    @POST("api/products")
    suspend fun createProduct(
        @Body request: CreateProductRequest
    ): Product
}

Calling the POST Endpoint

viewModelScope.launch {
    try {
        val request = CreateProductRequest(
            name = "Wireless Mouse",
            price = 799.0
        )

        val createdProduct =
            ApiClient.productApi.createProduct(request)

        // Publish the created product to UI state.
    } catch (e: Exception) {
        // Handle network, HTTP, and parsing errors.
    }
}

Ensure the API validates submitted values on the server. Client-side validation improves usability but must not be treated as a substitute for server-side validation.

15. Authentication and Authorization in REST APIs

Authentication verifies who a user or client is. Authorization determines which operations that identity is permitted to perform.

Common Authentication Approaches

• Bearer tokens: Access tokens are sent in the Authorization header.
• OAuth 2.0: A framework for delegated authorization, often used with OpenID Connect for user sign-in.
• Session cookies: Some APIs use server-managed sessions represented by cookies.
• API keys: Keys identify or control access to certain APIs but are not automatically proof of a user's identity.

Example Authorization Header

Authorization: Bearer YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN

Security Best Practices

• Use HTTPS for all authenticated API requests.
• Never hardcode private API secrets or long-lived credentials in the application package.
• Store sensitive tokens using appropriate secure storage practices, considering Android Keystore-backed solutions where applicable.
• Use short-lived access tokens and an appropriate refresh-token strategy.
• Enforce authorization on the server for every protected resource and operation.
• Never assume that hiding a button in the Android UI prevents unauthorized API access.
• Redact credentials, tokens, and sensitive personal information from logs and crash reports.

16. Handling API Errors in Android

Network requests can fail for several reasons, including unavailable connectivity, DNS errors, expired credentials, invalid responses, server outages, and timeouts. A robust Android application should handle these situations without crashing.

Common Failure Types

Error Handling Example

try {
    val products = ApiClient.productApi.getProducts()
    // Publish success state.
} catch (e: kotlinx.coroutines.CancellationException) {
    throw e
} catch (e: retrofit2.HttpException) {
    val statusCode = e.code()
    // Map the HTTP error to a safe UI message.
} catch (e: java.io.IOException) {
    // Handle connectivity or transport-related failures.
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle unexpected failures.
}

Cancellation should generally be rethrown so coroutine cancellation continues to work correctly. Avoid displaying internal exception details directly to users.

17. API Testing and Debugging

Testing an API independently before integrating it into an Android application can help identify backend problems, incorrect request formats, and authentication issues.

Useful Tools

• Postman: Send requests and inspect responses, headers, and JSON bodies.
• curl: Test HTTP endpoints from a command line.
• Android Studio Logcat: Inspect application logs and exceptions.
• OkHttp logging tools: Inspect requests during development with appropriate redaction of sensitive information.
• Backend logs: Investigate server-side validation failures, exceptions, and response times.

Example curl Request

curl -i \
  -H "Accept: application/json" \
  https://api.example.com/api/products

Use a real endpoint you are authorized to access. Avoid sharing production credentials or private response data when reporting issues.

Debugging Checklist

• Confirm the base URL and endpoint path.
• Verify that the Android INTERNET permission is present.
• Check the HTTP method and required headers.
• Validate the request body and content type.
• Inspect the response status code and body.
• Confirm that the server is reachable and healthy.
• Check DNS, timeout, and TLS errors.
• Confirm that JSON property names and data types match the model.
• Check authentication and authorization rules.

18. API Performance and Pagination

Mobile applications must account for slow networks, limited bandwidth, battery usage, and large datasets. Efficient API usage helps improve responsiveness and reduce unnecessary data transfer.

Pagination

Pagination divides a large collection into smaller responses.

GET /api/products?page=1&limit=20
GET /api/products?page=2&limit=20

Some APIs use cursor-based pagination instead. Follow the API's documented pagination format and use the returned next-page token or cursor when available.

Other Performance Techniques

• Use server-side filtering and sorting.
• Request only the data the screen needs when the API supports field selection.
• Cache data when the API's caching policy and privacy requirements allow it.
• Debounce search input to avoid sending a request for every keystroke.
• Use suitable timeouts and avoid aggressive retries.
• Cancel obsolete requests when a screen is closed or a search query changes.
• Consider WorkManager for suitable deferrable background synchronization.
• Use exponential backoff and jitter for appropriate retryable failures.

19. Common Mistakes in HTTP and REST API Integration

20. Practical Android Project: Product Listing Using a REST API

Project Objective

Create a simple Android application that retrieves products from a REST API and displays their names and prices.

Functional Requirements

• Retrieve a product collection from an HTTPS endpoint.
• Convert the JSON response into Kotlin data objects.
• Display a loading indicator while the request is running.
• Show products in a list.
• Display a useful empty state when no products are returned.
• Show a retry option when a request fails.
• Handle cancellation and configuration changes appropriately.

Suggested Architecture

ProductActivity / Compose Screen
              |
              v
          ViewModel
              |
              v
          Repository
              |
              v
       Retrofit API Service
              |
              v
        HTTPS REST API

Implementation Steps

1. Create an Android Studio project using Kotlin.
2. Add the INTERNET permission to AndroidManifest.xml.
3. Configure Retrofit, OkHttp, and a JSON converter.
4. Create a Product data class matching the server response.
5. Define API interface methods for retrieving products.
6. Build a repository to manage data access.
7. Use a ViewModel to expose loading, success, empty, and error states.
8. Collect the state in the UI and display the product list.
9. Test successful requests, empty responses, invalid endpoints, and unavailable networks.
10. Verify that HTTPS certificates are validated and sensitive information is not logged.

Expected Output

The screen displays the products received from the server. While data is loading, a progress indicator is shown. If the response contains no products, an empty-state message appears. If the network request fails, the user sees an understandable message and can retry when appropriate.

Project Extension Ideas

• Add a search field with debounced API requests.
• Implement pagination or infinite scrolling.
• Add product details using a GET endpoint with a product ID.
• Create a form to add products using POST.
• Add update and delete operations if supported by the API.
• Implement authentication for protected endpoints.
• Introduce local caching for offline-friendly browsing.

21. Best Practices for Production-Ready API Integration

• Use HTTPS and maintain valid server certificates.
• Follow the API's documented methods, endpoints, and response formats.
• Keep networking code outside Activities and UI composables.
• Use repositories and ViewModels to separate responsibilities.
• Represent loading, success, empty, and error states explicitly.
• Use structured concurrency and cancel work that is no longer needed.
• Set appropriate connection and read timeouts.
• Apply retries only to suitable failures and operations.
• Use secure authentication flows and protect stored credentials.
• Validate inputs on both client and server.
• Use pagination and caching where appropriate.
• Write unit tests for repositories and ViewModels, and integration tests for API behavior.
• Never disable TLS certificate validation to fix a connection error.
• Monitor API reliability without recording sensitive user data.

22. Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. What is HTTP?

Answer: HTTP is an application-layer protocol that defines how clients and servers exchange requests and responses over a network.

Q2. What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS?

Answer: HTTPS uses HTTP over TLS, providing encryption, integrity protection, and server authentication. Plain HTTP does not provide these TLS protections.

Q3. What is a REST API?

Answer: A REST API is an interface designed around REST architectural principles. It exposes resources through identifiers and uses a uniform interface, commonly HTTP methods and resource representations, to interact with them.

Q4. What is the difference between PUT and PATCH?

Answer: PUT generally replaces a target resource representation, whereas PATCH applies a partial modification according to the API's supported patch semantics.

Q5. What is the purpose of a GET request?

Answer: GET retrieves a resource or collection without intending to modify server state.

Q6. What is the difference between POST and GET?

Answer: GET retrieves information, while POST submits information for processing. POST is often used to create resources or initiate operations.

Q7. What is JSON?

Answer: JSON is a lightweight data format used to represent structured information. Android applications commonly deserialize JSON API responses into Kotlin data classes.

Q8. What does HTTP status code 401 mean?

Answer: It indicates that valid authentication credentials are missing or were not accepted. The application may need to authenticate again or refresh credentials.

Q9. What is the difference between 401 and 403?

Answer: A 401 response indicates an authentication problem, while a 403 response indicates that the server refuses the operation. Exact behavior depends on the API's authentication design.

Q10. Why should Android applications use HTTPS?

Answer: HTTPS protects API traffic against eavesdropping and unauthorized modification and enables the client to authenticate the server through TLS certificate validation.

Q11. Why should network requests not run on the main thread?

Answer: Network operations can take an unpredictable amount of time. Running them on the main thread can block rendering and input handling, resulting in a frozen interface.

Q12. What is Retrofit?

Answer: Retrofit is a type-safe HTTP client for Android and Java applications. It turns annotated interface methods into HTTP requests and can convert response bodies into Kotlin or Java objects through converters.

Q13. What is an API endpoint?

Answer: An API endpoint is a URL through which a client accesses a particular resource or operation exposed by a server.

Q14. What is pagination?

Answer: Pagination divides large datasets into smaller portions, reducing response sizes and improving performance on mobile networks.

Q15. How should API errors be handled in Android?

Answer: Handle transport exceptions, HTTP error responses, parsing failures, and coroutine cancellation appropriately. Expose clear UI states, log safe diagnostics, and provide retry options only when suitable.

Q16. What is statelessness in REST?

Answer: Each request contains the information required for the server to process it. The server should not depend on hidden client-session state to interpret the request.

Q17. What is the Authorization header used for?

Answer: It carries authentication credentials or an access token when required by the API. Such values should be protected and sent over HTTPS.

Q18. What is the difference between a network error and an HTTP error?

Answer: A network error may prevent a valid HTTP response from arriving. An HTTP error occurs when the server returns a response with a status code indicating an unsuccessful request.

23. Practice Exercises

1. Explain the difference between HTTP and HTTPS in your own words.
2. Design REST endpoints for users, products, and orders.
3. Write example GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE requests.
4. Create a Kotlin data class for a JSON product response.
5. Implement a Retrofit GET request and display its response.
6. Implement a POST request to submit a form.
7. Handle 401, 404, 429, and 500 responses.
8. Build a paginated product list with loading and error states.
9. Test an endpoint using Postman or curl before integrating it.
10. Review the application for insecure HTTP traffic and accidental token logging.

24. Quick Revision Notes

• HTTP: Protocol for exchanging requests and responses between clients and servers.
• HTTPS: HTTP protected by TLS.
• REST: Architectural style for designing networked resource-based interfaces.
• Endpoint: URL used to access an API resource or operation.
• GET: Retrieve data.
• POST: Submit data or initiate an operation.
• PUT: Replace a resource representation.
• PATCH: Apply a partial update.
• DELETE: Request resource removal.
• JSON: Common format for structured API data.
• 200: OK.
• 201: Created.
• 204: No Content.
• 400: Bad Request.
• 401: Unauthorized.
• 403: Forbidden.
• 404: Not Found.
• 429: Too Many Requests.
• 500: Internal Server Error.
• Retrofit: HTTP client commonly used to integrate APIs into Android applications.
• Coroutines: Kotlin mechanism for asynchronous work and structured concurrency.
• Pagination: Technique for retrieving large collections in smaller portions.

25. Conclusion

HTTP, HTTPS, and REST APIs are fundamental concepts in modern Android development. HTTP defines the request-response communication model, HTTPS protects that communication through TLS, and REST provides architectural principles for organizing network resources and operations.

Android developers should understand HTTP methods, status codes, headers, JSON serialization, authentication, error handling, and secure networking. By combining these fundamentals with Kotlin coroutines, Retrofit, ViewModels, and repositories, developers can create responsive and maintainable applications that communicate reliably with backend services.

Additional Learning Resources

• MDN: Overview of HTTP
• MDN: HTTP Reference
• Android Developers: Connectivity
• Retrofit Official Documentation

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