Java Basics for Selenium

Selenium with Java

<h1>Java Basics for Selenium</h1>

<p>Java Basics for Selenium covers the fundamental Java programming concepts required to create, understand, execute, debug, and maintain Selenium WebDriver automation scripts. Selenium WebDriver provides the browser automation API, while Java is used to write the programming logic that controls browser actions, handles test data, validates results, manages reusable components, and builds scalable automation frameworks.</p>

<p>Selenium WebDriver provides a programming interface for controlling browsers, and Selenium supports Java as one of its primary language bindings. A typical Java Selenium script creates a WebDriver session, navigates to a page, locates web elements, performs actions, reads information, and finally closes the browser session. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}</p>

<p>Learning Java before advanced Selenium is important because modern automation frameworks use Java concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, interfaces, collections, exception handling, methods, packages, file handling, and Object-Oriented Programming.</p>

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<hr>

<p>Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language used to build applications, enterprise software, web applications, automation tools, and testing frameworks. In Selenium automation, Java acts as the programming language used to implement browser automation logic.</p>

<p>For example, a tester can use Java to create a browser object, define test data, locate web elements, create reusable methods, perform validations, handle exceptions, and organize an entire automation framework.</p>

<pre><code>public class HelloJava {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello Selenium");

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>2. Why Java is Important for Selenium</h2>

<ul>

<li>Java supports Object-Oriented Programming.</li>

<li>Java provides strong exception-handling capabilities.</li>

<li>Java provides powerful collection classes.</li>

<li>Java works with Selenium WebDriver.</li>

<li>Java integrates with TestNG and JUnit.</li>

<li>Java works with Maven and Gradle.</li>

<li>Java supports reusable classes and methods.</li>

<li>Java is suitable for Page Object Model frameworks.</li>

<li>Java supports data-driven and keyword-driven frameworks.</li>

<li>Java is suitable for large and maintainable automation projects.</li>

</ul>

<hr>

<h2>3. Java and Selenium Relationship</h2>

<pre><code>Java

↓

Programming Logic

↓

Selenium Java Binding

↓

WebDriver API

↓

Browser Driver

↓

Chrome / Firefox / Edge / Safari

↓

Web Application

↓

Automation Result</code></pre>

<p>Selenium WebDriver is designed as a browser automation interface, while browser-specific driver implementations communicate with the corresponding browser. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}</p>

<hr>

<p>Before writing Java Selenium programs, it is useful to understand the three important Java components: JDK, JRE, and JVM.</p>

<tr><th>Component</th><th>Full Form</th><th>Purpose</th></tr>

<tr><td>JDK</td><td>Java Development Kit</td><td>Provides tools required to develop and compile Java programs</td></tr>

<tr><td>JRE</td><td>Java Runtime Environment</td><td>Provides the environment required to run Java applications</td></tr>

<tr><td>JVM</td><td>Java Virtual Machine</td><td>Executes Java bytecode</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>5. JDK for Selenium Automation</h2>

<p>The Java Development Kit is required when developing Java-based Selenium projects because the project needs Java development and compilation capabilities.</p>

<p>After installing Java, verify it using:</p>

<pre><code>java -version</code></pre>

<p>Verify the Java compiler:</p>

<pre><code>javac -version</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>6. First Java Program</h2>

<pre><code>public class FirstProgram {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Welcome to Selenium Automation");

}

}</code></pre>

<h3>Explanation</h3>

<ul>

<li><strong>public</strong> defines the access level.</li>

<li><strong>class</strong> defines a Java class.</li>

<li><strong>FirstProgram</strong> is the class name.</li>

<li><strong>main()</strong> is the entry point of a standard Java application.</li>

<li><strong>System.out.println()</strong> prints information to the console.</li>

</ul>

<hr>

<h2>7. Java Class</h2>

<p>A class is a blueprint used to define properties and behavior. Selenium automation frameworks use classes for test cases, page objects, utilities, browser configuration, test data, and framework components.</p>

<pre><code>public class LoginTest {

public void login() {

System.out.println("Login operation");

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>8. Java Object</h2>

<p>An object is an instance of a class.</p>

<pre><code>LoginTest test = new LoginTest();

test.login();</code></pre>

<p>Selenium also uses objects extensively:</p>

<pre><code>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();</code></pre>

<p>Here, <strong>driver</strong> is a reference to a WebDriver object implemented by ChromeDriver.</p>

<hr>

<h2>9. Java Main Method</h2>

<pre><code>public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Running Selenium Program");

}</code></pre>

<p>The main method provides the starting point for a simple standalone Java application.</p>

<hr>

<h2>10. Java Comments</h2>

<pre><code>// Single-line comment

Multi-line comment

*/</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>// Open the login page

driver.get("https://example.com/login");

// Enter username

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("admin");</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>11. Java Variables</h2>

<p>A variable stores a value that can be used later in a program.</p>

<pre><code>String username = "admin";

String password = "admin123";

int timeout = 10;

boolean loginSuccessful = true;</code></pre>

<p>Variables are frequently used in Selenium to store URLs, credentials, browser configuration, expected values, test data, WebDriver objects, WebElements, and locator values.</p>

<hr>

<h2>12. Rules for Variable Names</h2>

<ul>

<li>A variable can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs.</li>

<li>A variable cannot start with a digit.</li>

<li>Java variable names are case-sensitive.</li>

<li>Java keywords cannot be used as variable names.</li>

<li>Meaningful names should be used.</li>

</ul>

<pre><code>String loginUrl = "https://example.com/login";

String expectedTitle = "Dashboard";

int maxWaitTime = 10;</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>13. Java Data Types</h2>

<p>Java data types are broadly divided into primitive and reference types.</p>

<tr><th>Data Type</th><th>Example</th><th>Automation Usage</th></tr>

<tr><td>byte</td><td>10</td><td>Small numeric values</td></tr>

<tr><td>short</td><td>100</td><td>Small numeric values</td></tr>

<tr><td>int</td><td>10</td><td>Counts, indexes, quantities</td></tr>

<tr><td>long</td><td>100000L</td><td>Large numeric values</td></tr>

<tr><td>float</td><td>10.5f</td><td>Decimal values</td></tr>

<tr><td>double</td><td>99.99</td><td>Prices and calculations</td></tr>

<tr><td>char</td><td>'A'</td><td>Single characters</td></tr>

<tr><td>boolean</td><td>true</td><td>Conditions and validation</td></tr>

<tr><td>String</td><td>"Selenium"</td><td>Text, URLs and test data</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>14. String in Java</h2>

<p>String is used to represent text. Selenium automation uses Strings extensively for URLs, usernames, passwords, expected messages, page titles, product names, and test data.</p>

<pre><code>String browser = "Chrome";

String username = "admin";

String url = "https://example.com";</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>15. Important String Methods</h2>

<pre><code>String text = " Selenium Automation ";

System.out.println(text.length());

System.out.println(text.trim());

System.out.println(text.toUpperCase());

System.out.println(text.toLowerCase());

System.out.println(text.contains("Automation"));</code></pre>

<tr><th>Method</th><th>Purpose</th></tr>

<tr><td>length()</td><td>Returns the number of characters</td></tr>

<tr><td>trim()</td><td>Removes leading and trailing whitespace</td></tr>

<tr><td>toUpperCase()</td><td>Converts text to uppercase</td></tr>

<tr><td>toLowerCase()</td><td>Converts text to lowercase</td></tr>

<tr><td>contains()</td><td>Checks whether text contains a value</td></tr>

<tr><td>equals()</td><td>Compares String content</td></tr>

<tr><td>equalsIgnoreCase()</td><td>Compares text without case sensitivity</td></tr>

<tr><td>replace()</td><td>Replaces characters or text</td></tr>

<tr><td>substring()</td><td>Extracts part of a String</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>16. String Comparison</h2>

<p>For comparing String content, use <strong>equals()</strong> rather than using == for content comparison.</p>

<pre><code>String expected = "Dashboard";

String actual = "Dashboard";

if (expected.equals(actual)) {

System.out.println("Title matched");

}</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();

if (actualTitle.equals("Dashboard")) {

System.out.println("Test Passed");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>17. Integer</h2>

<p>The int type is useful for quantities, indexes, counts, timeouts, and numeric test data.</p>

<pre><code>int timeout = 10;

int quantity = 3;

int expectedCount = 5;</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>18. Boolean</h2>

<p>A boolean contains either true or false.</p>

<pre><code>boolean isLoggedIn = true;

boolean isAdmin = false;</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>WebElement button = driver.findElement(By.id("login"));

boolean enabled = button.isEnabled();

if (enabled) {

button.click();

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>19. Java Operators</h2>

<tr><th>Category</th><th>Operators</th><th>Example</th></tr>

<tr><td>Arithmetic</td><td>+, -, *, /, %</td><td>a + b</td></tr>

<tr><td>Relational</td><td>==, !=, >, <, >=, <=</td><td>a > b</td></tr>

<tr><td>Logical</td><td>&&, ||, !</td><td>a && b</td></tr>

<tr><td>Assignment</td><td>=, +=, -=, *=, /=</td><td>a += 5</td></tr>

<tr><td>Increment</td><td>++</td><td>a++</td></tr>

<tr><td>Decrement</td><td>--</td><td>a--</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>20. Arithmetic Operators</h2>

<pre><code>int price = 500;

int quantity = 2;

int total = price * quantity;

System.out.println(total);</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>int productPrice = 500;

int quantity = 3;

int expectedTotal = productPrice * quantity;

System.out.println("Expected Total: " + expectedTotal);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>21. Relational Operators</h2>

<pre><code>int expected = 100;

int actual = 100;

if (actual == expected) {

System.out.println("Value matched");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>22. Logical Operators</h2>

<pre><code>String username = "admin";

String password = "admin123";

if (username.equals("admin") &&

password.equals("admin123")) {

System.out.println("Valid credentials");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>23. if Statement</h2>

<pre><code>if (username.equals("admin")) {

System.out.println("Valid username");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>24. if-else Statement</h2>

<pre><code>if (loginSuccessful) {

System.out.println("Login Passed");

} else {

System.out.println("Login Failed");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>25. else-if Statement</h2>

<pre><code>String status = "Success";

if (status.equals("Success")) {

System.out.println("Test Passed");

} else if (status.equals("Failed")) {

System.out.println("Test Failed");

} else {

System.out.println("Unknown Status");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>26. switch Statement</h2>

<pre><code>String browser = "Chrome";

switch (browser) {

case "Chrome":

System.out.println("Chrome selected");

break;

case "Firefox":

System.out.println("Firefox selected");

break;

case "Edge":

System.out.println("Edge selected");

break;

default:

System.out.println("Unsupported browser");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<p>A for loop repeats a block of code while a condition remains true.</p>

<pre><code>for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println(i);

}</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>List<WebElement> links =

driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

for (WebElement link : links) {

System.out.println(link.getText());

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>28. while Loop</h2>

<pre><code>int count = 1;

while (count <= 3) {

System.out.println(count);

count++;

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>29. do-while Loop</h2>

<pre><code>int count = 1;

do {

System.out.println(count);

count++;

} while (count <= 3);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>30. break Statement</h2>

<pre><code>for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) {

break;

}

System.out.println(i);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>31. continue Statement</h2>

<pre><code>for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

if (i == 3) {

continue;

}

System.out.println(i);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>32. Arrays</h2>

<p>An array stores multiple values of the same type.</p>

<pre><code>String[] browsers = {

"Chrome",

"Firefox",

"Edge"

};

System.out.println(browsers[0]);</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>String[] urls = {

"https://example.com",

"https://example.org",

"https://example.net"

};

for (String url : urls) {

driver.get(url);

System.out.println(driver.getTitle());

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>33. Array Length</h2>

<pre><code>String[] browsers = {

"Chrome",

"Firefox",

"Edge"

};

System.out.println(browsers.length);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>34. Enhanced for Loop</h2>

<pre><code>String[] browsers = {

"Chrome",

"Firefox",

"Edge"

};

for (String browser : browsers) {

System.out.println(browser);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>35. Methods in Java</h2>

<p>A method is a reusable block of code that performs a particular task. Methods are extremely important in Selenium because they allow repetitive browser operations to be reused.</p>

<pre><code>public static void printMessage() {

System.out.println("Selenium Automation");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>36. Calling a Method</h2>

<pre><code>public class Test {

public static void printMessage() {

System.out.println("Running Test");

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

printMessage();

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>37. Method Parameters</h2>

<p>Parameters allow data to be passed into a method.</p>

<pre><code>public static void login(

String username,

String password) {

System.out.println(username);

System.out.println(password);

}</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>public static void login(

WebDriver driver,

String username,

String password) {

driver.findElement(By.id("username"))

.sendKeys(username);

driver.findElement(By.id("password"))

.sendKeys(password);

driver.findElement(By.id("login"))

.click();

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>38. Return Values</h2>

<p>A method can return a value to the calling code.</p>

<pre><code>public static int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}

int result = add(10, 20);

System.out.println(result);</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>public static String getPageTitle(WebDriver driver) {

return driver.getTitle();

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>39. void Methods</h2>

<p>A void method does not return a value.</p>

<pre><code>public static void openPage(WebDriver driver) {

driver.get("https://example.com");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>40. Method Overloading</h2>

<p>Method overloading allows multiple methods to have the same name with different parameter lists.</p>

<pre><code>public static void search(String product) {

System.out.println("Product: " + product);

}

public static void search(

String product,

int quantity) {

System.out.println("Product: " + product);

System.out.println("Quantity: " + quantity);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>41. Constructor</h2>

<p>A constructor initializes an object when the object is created.</p>

<pre><code>public class LoginPage {

private WebDriver driver;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;

}

}</code></pre>

<p>Constructors are frequently used in Page Object Model classes to pass the WebDriver instance into a page object.</p>

<hr>

<h2>42. this Keyword</h2>

<p>The this keyword refers to the current object.</p>

<pre><code>public class LoginPage {

private WebDriver driver;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>43. Access Modifiers</h2>

<tr><th>Modifier</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>

<tr><td>public</td><td>Accessible from other classes</td></tr>

<tr><td>private</td><td>Accessible only within the class</td></tr>

<tr><td>protected</td><td>Accessible within the package and through inheritance</td></tr>

<tr><td>default</td><td>Accessible within the same package</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>44. Encapsulation</h2>

<p>Encapsulation means keeping data and related operations together while controlling access to internal data.</p>

<pre><code>public class LoginPage {

private WebDriver driver;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;

}

public void enterUsername(String username) {

driver.findElement(By.id("username"))

.sendKeys(username);

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>45. Inheritance</h2>

<p>Inheritance allows a child class to reuse accessible members of a parent class.</p>

<pre><code>public class BasePage {

protected WebDriver driver;

public BasePage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;

}

public void open(String url) {

driver.get(url);

}

public class LoginPage extends BasePage {

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

super(driver);

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>46. super Keyword</h2>

<p>The super keyword is used to access parent-class members or invoke the parent constructor.</p>

<pre><code>public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

super(driver);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>47. Method Overriding</h2>

<p>Method overriding occurs when a child class provides a specific implementation of a method inherited from a parent class.</p>

<pre><code>class BasePage {

public void open() {

System.out.println("Opening Base Page");

}

class LoginPage extends BasePage {

@Override

public void open() {

System.out.println("Opening Login Page");

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>48. Polymorphism</h2>

<p>Polymorphism allows a common parent type or interface to refer to different implementations.</p>

<pre><code>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();</code></pre>

<p>Here, WebDriver is the interface reference and ChromeDriver is the concrete implementation.</p>

<hr>

<h2>49. Abstraction</h2>

<p>Abstraction hides unnecessary implementation details and exposes the functionality required by the user of a component.</p>

<p>Selenium's WebDriver API is an important example because automation code can work with the WebDriver interface while the actual browser-specific implementation is supplied by classes such as ChromeDriver, FirefoxDriver, EdgeDriver, and SafariDriver. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}</p>

<hr>

<h2>50. Abstract Class</h2>

<pre><code>abstract class BasePage {

abstract void openPage();

public void commonOperation() {

System.out.println("Common Operation");

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>51. Interface</h2>

<p>An interface defines a contract that implementing classes can follow.</p>

<pre><code>interface BrowserActions {

void openBrowser();

void closeBrowser();

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>52. Implementing an Interface</h2>

<pre><code>class ChromeActions implements BrowserActions {

public void openBrowser() {

System.out.println("Opening Chrome");

}

public void closeBrowser() {

System.out.println("Closing Chrome");

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>53. WebDriver Interface</h2>

<p>WebDriver is one of the most important interfaces in Selenium Java. It provides methods for controlling the browser and finding web elements. Selenium's Java API documentation identifies WebDriver as an interface implemented by browser-specific classes such as ChromeDriver, EdgeDriver, FirefoxDriver, and SafariDriver. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}</p>

<pre><code>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>54. Packages</h2>

<p>Packages organize related Java classes and help create a clean project structure.</p>

<pre><code>package pages;</code></pre>

<h3>Example Automation Structure</h3>

<pre><code>selenium-project/

├── src/

│ ├── main/

│ │ └── java/

│ │ ├── pages/

│ │ ├── utils/

│ │ └── base/

│ └── test/

│ └── java/

│ └── tests/

└── pom.xml</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>55. import Statement</h2>

<p>The import statement allows a Java class to use classes from other packages.</p>

<pre><code>import org.openqa.selenium.By;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>56. Selenium Maven Dependency</h2>

<p>Maven is commonly used to manage Selenium Java dependencies. Selenium's documentation shows the Selenium Java library being configured through the project's Maven <strong>pom.xml</strong>. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}</p>

<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>

<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>

<version>YOUR_SELENIUM_VERSION</version>

</dependency></code></pre>

<p>Use the Selenium version selected by your project's dependency management rather than hard-coding an outdated version from an old tutorial.</p>

<hr>

<h2>57. Exception Handling</h2>

<p>Exception handling allows a Java program to respond to runtime problems without abruptly terminating the entire application.</p>

<pre><code>try {

int result = 10 / 0;

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Arithmetic error occurred");

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>58. try-catch-finally</h2>

<pre><code>try {

System.out.println("Executing Test");

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

} finally {

System.out.println("Cleanup Completed");

}</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

try {

driver.get("https://example.com");

System.out.println(driver.getTitle());

} finally {

driver.quit();

}</code></pre>

<p>Using <strong>quit()</strong> is the standard way to end a WebDriver session; Selenium's documentation specifically distinguishes quit() from close() and recommends quit() for ending the session. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}</p>

<hr>

<h2>59. Common Selenium Exceptions</h2>

<tr><th>Exception</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>

<tr><td>NoSuchElementException</td><td>Element could not be located</td></tr>

<tr><td>TimeoutException</td><td>Wait condition did not complete within the timeout</td></tr>

<tr><td>ElementNotInteractableException</td><td>Element cannot currently be interacted with</td></tr>

<tr><td>ElementClickInterceptedException</td><td>Another element prevents the click</td></tr>

<tr><td>StaleElementReferenceException</td><td>Previously located element is no longer attached to the DOM</td></tr>

<tr><td>InvalidSelectorException</td><td>Locator syntax is invalid</td></tr>

<tr><td>NoSuchWindowException</td><td>Requested browser window is unavailable</td></tr>

<tr><td>NoSuchFrameException</td><td>Requested frame is unavailable</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>60. throws Keyword</h2>

<p>The throws keyword declares that a method may pass an exception to its caller.</p>

<pre><code>public void readFile() throws IOException {

// File operation

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>61. throw Keyword</h2>

<p>The throw keyword is used to explicitly generate an exception.</p>

<pre><code>if (username == null) {

throw new IllegalArgumentException(

"Username cannot be null"

);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>62. Collections Framework</h2>

<p>Java Collections are extremely important in Selenium because automation scripts frequently work with multiple elements, browser windows, test records, and configuration values.</p>

<p>Important collection types include:</p>

<ul>

<li>ArrayList</li>

<li>HashSet</li>

<li>HashMap</li>

</ul>

<hr>

<p>A List stores ordered elements and can contain duplicate values.</p>

<pre><code>List<String> browsers = new ArrayList<>();

browsers.add("Chrome");

browsers.add("Firefox");

browsers.add("Edge");

System.out.println(browsers);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>64. ArrayList</h2>

<pre><code>ArrayList<String> users = new ArrayList<>();

users.add("admin");

users.add("tester");

for (String user : users) {

System.out.println(user);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>65. Selenium findElements() with List</h2>

<p>Selenium's findElements() method returns multiple matching elements, which can be stored in a Java List.</p>

<pre><code>List<WebElement> links =

driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

for (WebElement link : links) {

System.out.println(link.getText());

}</code></pre>

<p>This is useful for menus, product cards, links, table rows, search results, and other collections of web elements. Selenium's Java first-script documentation demonstrates finding WebElements with the By locator API. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}</p>

<hr>

<p>A Set stores unique values and does not allow duplicate elements.</p>

<pre><code>Set<String> browsers = new HashSet<>();

browsers.add("Chrome");

browsers.add("Firefox");

browsers.add("Chrome");

System.out.println(browsers);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>67. Window Handles with Set</h2>

<p>Selenium browser windows and tabs can be identified using window handles. Java commonly represents the collection of handles with a Set.</p>

<pre><code>String originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

Set<String> windows =

driver.getWindowHandles();

for (String window : windows) {

System.out.println(window);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<p>A Map stores key-value pairs and is useful for test data.</p>

<pre><code>Map<String, String> user = new HashMap<>();

user.put("username", "admin");

user.put("password", "admin123");

System.out.println(

user.get("username")

);</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>Map<String, String> loginData =

new HashMap<>();

loginData.put("username", "admin");

loginData.put("password", "admin123");

driver.findElement(By.id("username"))

.sendKeys(loginData.get("username"));

driver.findElement(By.id("password"))

.sendKeys(loginData.get("password"));</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>69. Generics</h2>

<p>Generics provide type safety when working with Java collections.</p>

<pre><code>List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();

names.add("John");

names.add("Smith");</code></pre>

<h3>Selenium Example</h3>

<pre><code>List<WebElement> products =

driver.findElements(

By.cssSelector(".product")

);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>70. Wrapper Classes</h2>

<tr><th>Primitive</th><th>Wrapper Class</th></tr>

<tr><td>int</td><td>Integer</td></tr>

<tr><td>double</td><td>Double</td></tr>

<tr><td>boolean</td><td>Boolean</td></tr>

<tr><td>char</td><td>Character</td></tr>

<tr><td>float</td><td>Float</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>71. Autoboxing and Unboxing</h2>

<pre><code>int number = 10;

Integer boxedNumber = number;

int originalNumber = boxedNumber;</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>72. static Keyword</h2>

<p>The static keyword makes a field or method belong to the class rather than to a specific object.</p>

<pre><code>public class TestUtility {

public static void printMessage() {

System.out.println("Selenium Utility");

}

}</code></pre>

<p>Calling the static method:</p>

<pre><code>TestUtility.printMessage();</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>73. final Keyword</h2>

<p>The final keyword can prevent reassignment of a variable and can also be applied to methods and classes with different effects.</p>

<pre><code>final String BASE_URL =

"https://example.com";</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>74. StringBuilder</h2>

<p>StringBuilder can be useful when repeatedly constructing or modifying text.</p>

<pre><code>StringBuilder message =

new StringBuilder();

message.append("Login ");

message.append("Test ");

message.append("Passed");

System.out.println(message);</code></pre>

<hr>

<p>Date and time APIs can be useful for test data, transaction validation, reports, timestamps, and booking applications.</p>

<pre><code>import java.time.LocalDate;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;

LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();

LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();

System.out.println(date);

System.out.println(dateTime);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>76. Environment Variables</h2>

<p>Environment variables can be used to provide environment-specific or sensitive configuration without putting values directly into source code.</p>

<pre><code>String username =

System.getenv("TEST_USERNAME");

String password =

System.getenv("TEST_PASSWORD");</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>77. File Handling</h2>

<p>Automation frameworks may need to read configuration files, test data, CSV files, text files, or other resources.</p>

<pre><code>import java.io.FileWriter;

import java.io.IOException;

public class FileExample {

public static void main(String[] args)

throws IOException {

FileWriter writer =

new FileWriter("result.txt");

writer.write("Login Test Passed");

writer.close();

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>78. Reading a Text File</h2>

<pre><code>import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.FileReader;

import java.io.IOException;

BufferedReader reader =

new BufferedReader(

new FileReader("data.txt")

);

String line;

while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {

System.out.println(line);

}

reader.close();</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>79. Properties File</h2>

<p>Properties files are commonly used for framework configuration.</p>

<pre><code>browser=chrome

environment=qa

baseUrl=https://example.com</code></pre>

<h3>Reading Properties</h3>

<pre><code>Properties properties =

new Properties();

FileInputStream input =

new FileInputStream(

"config.properties"

);

properties.load(input);

String browser =

properties.getProperty("browser");</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>80. Lambda Expressions</h2>

<p>Lambda expressions provide a concise way to represent functional behavior.</p>

<pre><code>List<String> browsers =

Arrays.asList(

"Chrome",

"Firefox",

"Edge"

);

browsers.forEach(browser ->

System.out.println(browser)

);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>81. Java Streams</h2>

<p>Streams can be used to process collections in a concise manner.</p>

<pre><code>List<String> browsers =

Arrays.asList(

"Chrome",

"Firefox",

"Edge"

);

browsers.stream()

.filter(browser -> browser.length() > 5)

.forEach(System.out::println);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>82. Selenium Java Imports</h2>

<p>Common Selenium Java imports include:</p>

<pre><code>import org.openqa.selenium.By;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>83. Creating a WebDriver</h2>

<pre><code>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();</code></pre>

<p>Selenium's official Java first-script example follows this basic pattern for creating a Chrome browser session. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}</p>

<hr>

<h2>84. Opening a URL</h2>

<pre><code>driver.get("https://example.com");</code></pre>

<p>The get() method navigates the browser to the specified URL.</p>

<hr>

<h2>85. Getting Page Title</h2>

<pre><code>String title = driver.getTitle();

System.out.println(title);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>86. Getting Current URL</h2>

<pre><code>String currentUrl =

driver.getCurrentUrl();

System.out.println(currentUrl);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>87. Finding Web Elements</h2>

<p>Before interacting with an element, Selenium must locate it using an appropriate locator strategy.</p>

<pre><code>WebElement username =

driver.findElement(

By.id("username")

);</code></pre>

<p>The Selenium Java WebDriver API provides methods such as get() and findElement(By) for browser navigation and element selection. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}</p>

<hr>

<h2>88. Common Selenium Locators</h2>

<tr><th>Locator</th><th>Java Syntax</th></tr>

<tr><td>ID</td><td>By.id("username")</td></tr>

<tr><td>Name</td><td>By.name("username")</td></tr>

<tr><td>Class Name</td><td>By.className("login-button")</td></tr>

<tr><td>Tag Name</td><td>By.tagName("button")</td></tr>

<tr><td>Link Text</td><td>By.linkText("Login")</td></tr>

<tr><td>Partial Link Text</td><td>By.partialLinkText("Log")</td></tr>

<tr><td>CSS Selector</td><td>By.cssSelector("#username")</td></tr>

<tr><td>XPath</td><td>By.xpath("//input[@id='username']")</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>89. WebElement Methods</h2>

<pre><code>WebElement username =

driver.findElement(

By.id("username")

);

username.clear();

username.sendKeys("admin");

WebElement login =

driver.findElement(

By.id("login")

);

<h3>Important WebElement Methods</h3>

<ul>

<li>click()</li>

<li>sendKeys()</li>

<li>clear()</li>

<li>getText()</li>

<li>getAttribute()</li>

<li>isDisplayed()</li>

<li>isEnabled()</li>

<li>isSelected()</li>

</ul>

<hr>

<h2>90. Basic Selenium Login Script</h2>

<pre><code>import org.openqa.selenium.By;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class LoginTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

WebDriver driver =

new ChromeDriver();

try {

driver.get(

"https://example.com/login"

);

driver.findElement(

By.id("username")

).sendKeys("admin");

driver.findElement(

By.id("password")

).sendKeys("admin123");

driver.findElement(

By.id("login")

).click();

} finally {

driver.quit();

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>91. Selenium Navigation Methods</h2>

<pre><code>driver.get("https://example.com");

driver.navigate().to(

"https://example.com"

);

driver.navigate().back();

driver.navigate().forward();

driver.navigate().refresh();</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>92. Browser Window Management</h2>

<pre><code>driver.manage()

.window()

.maximize();

driver.manage()

.window()

.minimize();

driver.manage()

.window()

.fullscreen();</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>93. Selenium Wait Basics</h2>

<p>Modern web applications often load content dynamically. Java Selenium provides waiting mechanisms that can synchronize automation with application behavior.</p>

<h3>Implicit Wait</h3>

<pre><code>driver.manage()

.timeouts()

.implicitlyWait(

Duration.ofSeconds(10)

);</code></pre>

<p>Selenium's official Java example demonstrates configuring an implicit wait through the WebDriver timeout API. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}</p>

<h3>Explicit Wait</h3>

<pre><code>WebDriverWait wait =

new WebDriverWait(

driver,

Duration.ofSeconds(10)

);

WebElement element =

wait.until(

ExpectedConditions

.visibilityOfElementLocated(

By.id("username")

)

);</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>94. Selenium Assertions</h2>

<p>Assertions compare the actual result of an application with the expected result.</p>

<pre><code>String expectedTitle = "Dashboard";

String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();

if (expectedTitle.equals(actualTitle)) {

System.out.println("Test Passed");

} else {

System.out.println("Test Failed");

}</code></pre>

<p>In structured Selenium projects, testing frameworks such as JUnit and TestNG can provide dedicated assertion and test-execution functionality. Selenium's documentation lists both JUnit and TestNG among commonly used test runners. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}</p>

<hr>

<h2>95. Java with TestNG</h2>

<p>TestNG can organize Java Selenium tests into test methods and suites.</p>

<pre><code>import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class LoginTest {

@Test

public void loginTest() {

System.out.println("Login Test");

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>96. Java with JUnit</h2>

<p>JUnit is another popular testing framework for Java automation.</p>

<pre><code>import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

public class LoginTest {

@Test

void loginTest() {

System.out.println("Login Test");

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>97. Page Object Model</h2>

<p>Page Object Model, or POM, is a design approach in which page-specific locators and actions are organized into dedicated classes. It helps reduce duplication and improves maintainability.</p>

<pre><code>public class LoginPage {

private WebDriver driver;

private By username =

By.id("username");

private By password =

By.id("password");

private By loginButton =

By.id("login");

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;

}

public void login(

String user,

String pass) {

driver.findElement(username)

.sendKeys(user);

driver.findElement(password)

.sendKeys(pass);

driver.findElement(loginButton)

.click();

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<p>A BasePage can contain common functionality shared by several page objects.</p>

<pre><code>public class BasePage {

protected WebDriver driver;

public BasePage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;

}

public String getTitle() {

return driver.getTitle();

}

public void open(String url) {

driver.get(url);

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>99. Utility Class</h2>

<p>Utility classes contain reusable functionality such as browser operations, waits, screenshots, data processing, and configuration handling.</p>

<pre><code>public class BrowserUtils {

public static void openUrl(

WebDriver driver,

String url) {

driver.get(url);

}

public static String getTitle(

WebDriver driver) {

return driver.getTitle();

}

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>100. Complete Selenium Project Structure</h2>

<pre><code>selenium-java-project/

│

├── pom.xml

│

├── src/

│ ├── main/

│ │ └── java/

│ │ ├── base/

│ │ ├── pages/

│ │ └── utils/

│ │

│ └── test/

│ └── java/

│ └── tests/

│

├── src/test/resources/

│ ├── config.properties

│ └── testdata/

│

└── README.md</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>101. Practical Project: Login Automation</h2>

<h3>Objective</h3>

<p>Create a Java Selenium program that opens a login page, enters credentials, clicks the login button, and validates the result.</p>

<h3>Automation Flow</h3>

<pre><code>Start Program

↓

Create WebDriver

↓

Open Login URL

↓

Locate Username

↓

Enter Username

↓

Locate Password

↓

Enter Password

↓

Click Login

↓

Validate Result

↓

Quit Browser</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>102. Practical Project: Product Search</h2>

<p>Create a Selenium Java script that opens an e-commerce application, searches for a product, retrieves matching product elements, and prints their names.</p>

<h3>Concepts Used</h3>

<ul>

<li>Variables</li>

<li>Strings</li>

<li>Methods</li>

<li>Lists</li>

<li>Loops</li>

<li>WebDriver</li>

<li>WebElement</li>

<li>Locators</li>

</ul>

<hr>

<h2>103. Practical Project: Multiple User Test Data</h2>

<p>Use Java collections to store multiple user records and pass them to a reusable login method.</p>

<pre><code>List<Map<String, String>> users =

new ArrayList<>();

Map<String, String> user1 =

new HashMap<>();

user1.put("username", "admin");

user1.put("password", "admin123");

users.add(user1);

for (Map<String, String> user : users) {

System.out.println(

user.get("username")

);

}</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>104. Practical Project: Page Object Model</h2>

<p>Create separate classes such as LoginPage, HomePage, ProductPage, CartPage, and CheckoutPage. Keep page-specific locators and actions inside the appropriate classes.</p>

<pre><code>Test Class

↓

LoginPage

↓

HomePage

↓

ProductPage

↓

CartPage

↓

CheckoutPage</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>105. Common Java Mistakes in Selenium</h2>

<ul>

<li>Using == instead of equals() for String content comparison.</li>

<li>Creating extremely large methods.</li>

<li>Using unclear variable names.</li>

<li>Duplicating Selenium code across many test classes.</li>

<li>Hard-coding credentials into source code.</li>

<li>Ignoring exceptions without understanding their cause.</li>

<li>Not closing WebDriver sessions.</li>

<li>Using unnecessary fixed delays.</li>

<li>Keeping all locators directly inside test methods.</li>

<li>Mixing test data and test logic unnecessarily.</li>

<li>Using inheritance where composition would be simpler.</li>

<li>Creating overly complicated utility classes.</li>

</ul>

<hr>

<h2>106. Best Practices for Java Selenium</h2>

<ol>

<li>Use meaningful class and method names.</li>

<li>Follow Java naming conventions.</li>

<li>Keep methods small and focused.</li>

<li>Create reusable methods for repeated operations.</li>

<li>Use Page Object Model for larger projects.</li>

<li>Keep locators organized.</li>

<li>Use explicit waits for dynamic conditions.</li>

<li>Avoid unnecessary hard-coded delays.</li>

<li>Use driver.quit() to properly end browser sessions.</li>

<li>Keep credentials outside source code.</li>

<li>Use Maven or Gradle for dependency management.</li>

<li>Use TestNG or JUnit for structured test execution.</li>

<li>Use logging and reporting in larger frameworks.</li>

<li>Separate test data from test implementation.</li>

<li>Use version control such as Git.</li>

</ol>

<hr>

<h2>107. Java Concepts Required for Advanced Selenium</h2>

<tr><th>Java Concept</th><th>Use in Selenium</th></tr>

<tr><td>Variables</td><td>Store URLs, credentials, values and objects</td></tr>

<tr><td>Data Types</td><td>Represent test data</td></tr>

<tr><td>Conditions</td><td>Implement decision logic</td></tr>

<tr><td>Loops</td><td>Process multiple elements</td></tr>

<tr><td>Arrays</td><td>Store multiple values</td></tr>

<tr><td>Methods</td><td>Create reusable actions</td></tr>

<tr><td>Classes</td><td>Organize framework components</td></tr>

<tr><td>Objects</td><td>Create instances of classes</td></tr>

<tr><td>Inheritance</td><td>Reuse framework behavior</td></tr>

<tr><td>Polymorphism</td><td>Work with interfaces and implementations</td></tr>

<tr><td>Abstraction</td><td>Hide implementation details</td></tr>

<tr><td>Collections</td><td>Handle multiple elements and test data</td></tr>

<tr><td>Exception Handling</td><td>Handle runtime problems</td></tr>

<tr><td>File Handling</td><td>Read configuration and test data</td></tr>

<tr><td>Packages</td><td>Organize automation source code</td></tr>

<tr><td>Maven</td><td>Manage dependencies and builds</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>108. Java vs Selenium Responsibilities</h2>

<tr><th>Java</th><th>Selenium</th></tr>

<tr><td>Variables</td><td>Browser control</td></tr>

<tr><td>Conditions</td><td>Element interaction</td></tr>

<tr><td>Loops</td><td>Processing multiple elements</td></tr>

<tr><td>Methods</td><td>Browser operations</td></tr>

<tr><td>Classes</td><td>Page Objects</td></tr>

<tr><td>Collections</td><td>WebElement and window collections</td></tr>

<tr><td>Exception Handling</td><td>Browser and element operations</td></tr>

<tr><td>OOP</td><td>Automation framework architecture</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>109. Java Selenium Learning Flow</h2>

<pre><code>Java Syntax

↓

Variables & Data Types

↓

Operators

↓

Conditions

↓

Loops

↓

Arrays & Strings

↓

Methods

↓

Classes & Objects

↓

Constructors

↓

OOP Concepts

↓

Collections

↓

Exception Handling

↓

Packages

↓

File Handling

↓

Maven

↓

Selenium WebDriver

↓

Locators

↓

WebElements

↓

Waits

↓

Page Object Model

↓

TestNG / JUnit

↓

Automation Framework</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>110. Interview Questions</h2>

<p>Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language widely used for application development and automation.</p>

<h3>Q2. Why is Java used with Selenium?</h3>

<p>Java provides the programming language and OOP capabilities needed to implement Selenium automation scripts and scalable frameworks.</p>

<p>JDK stands for Java Development Kit and provides tools required to develop and compile Java applications.</p>

<h3>Q4. What is a class?</h3>

<p>A class is a blueprint for creating objects.</p>

<h3>Q5. What is an object?</h3>

<p>An object is an instance of a class.</p>

<h3>Q6. What is inheritance?</h3>

<p>Inheritance allows a child class to reuse accessible members of a parent class.</p>

<h3>Q7. What is polymorphism?</h3>

<p>Polymorphism allows a common parent type or interface to represent different implementations.</p>

<h3>Q8. What is encapsulation?</h3>

<p>Encapsulation combines data and behavior while controlling access to internal implementation details.</p>

<h3>Q9. What is the difference between == and equals()?</h3>

<p>For objects such as Strings, == compares references, while equals() is used to compare content when the class implements it appropriately.</p>

<h3>Q10. What is an ArrayList?</h3>

<p>ArrayList is a resizable implementation of the List interface.</p>

<h3>Q11. Why are collections important in Selenium?</h3>

<p>Collections are useful for handling multiple WebElements, window handles, test records, and configuration values.</p>

<h3>Q12. What is an interface?</h3>

<p>An interface defines a contract that implementing classes can follow.</p>

<h3>Q13. What is a constructor?</h3>

<p>A constructor initializes an object when it is created.</p>

<h3>Q14. What is exception handling?</h3>

<p>Exception handling provides mechanisms such as try, catch, finally, throw, and throws for handling runtime problems.</p>

<h3>Q15. What is Page Object Model?</h3>

<p>Page Object Model organizes page-specific locators and actions into dedicated classes to improve maintainability and reuse.</p>

<h3>Q16. What is Maven?</h3>

<p>Maven is a Java build and dependency-management tool commonly used to manage Selenium project dependencies.</p>

<h3>Q17. What is WebDriver?</h3>

<p>WebDriver is a Selenium interface used to control browsers and interact with web applications.</p>

<h3>Q18. What is WebElement?</h3>

<p>WebElement represents an element in a web page's DOM and provides methods for actions and information retrieval.</p>

<hr>

<h2>111. Quick Revision Table</h2>

<tr><th>Topic</th><th>Key Point</th></tr>

<tr><td>Java</td><td>Programming language used to implement Selenium logic</td></tr>

<tr><td>JDK</td><td>Java development environment</td></tr>

<tr><td>Variable</td><td>Stores a value</td></tr>

<tr><td>String</td><td>Stores text</td></tr>

<tr><td>Boolean</td><td>Stores true or false</td></tr>

<tr><td>Array</td><td>Stores multiple values</td></tr>

<tr><td>Method</td><td>Reusable block of code</td></tr>

<tr><td>Class</td><td>Blueprint for objects</td></tr>

<tr><td>Object</td><td>Instance of a class</td></tr>

<tr><td>Constructor</td><td>Initializes objects</td></tr>

<tr><td>Inheritance</td><td>Reuses behavior from a parent class</td></tr>

<tr><td>Polymorphism</td><td>Supports different implementations through common types</td></tr>

<tr><td>Interface</td><td>Defines a contract</td></tr>

<tr><td>List</td><td>Ordered collection</td></tr>

<tr><td>Set</td><td>Unique-value collection</td></tr>

<tr><td>Map</td><td>Key-value collection</td></tr>

<tr><td>Exception</td><td>Runtime problem that can be handled</td></tr>

<tr><td>WebDriver</td><td>Selenium browser-control interface</td></tr>

<tr><td>WebElement</td><td>Represents a web element</td></tr>

<tr><td>By</td><td>Provides locator strategies</td></tr>

<tr><td>Maven</td><td>Build and dependency management tool</td></tr>

</table>

<hr>

<h2>112. Recommended Learning Sequence</h2>

<ol>

<li>Learn Java syntax.</li>

<li>Understand variables and data types.</li>

<li>Practice operators.</li>

<li>Learn conditional statements.</li>

<li>Practice loops.</li>

<li>Learn arrays and Strings.</li>

<li>Learn methods and parameters.</li>

<li>Understand classes and objects.</li>

<li>Learn constructors and this.</li>

<li>Understand inheritance and polymorphism.</li>

<li>Learn abstraction and interfaces.</li>

<li>Practice Java collections.</li>

<li>Learn exception handling.</li>

<li>Learn packages and imports.</li>

<li>Practice file handling.</li>

<li>Learn Maven basics.</li>

<li>Install Selenium Java.</li>

<li>Learn WebDriver.</li>

<li>Learn locators and WebElements.</li>

<li>Learn waits and synchronization.</li>

<li>Learn Page Object Model.</li>

<li>Learn TestNG or JUnit.</li>

<li>Build a complete Selenium automation framework.</li>

</ol>

<hr>

<h2>113. Final Summary</h2>

<p>Java Basics for Selenium provides the programming foundation required to build Selenium WebDriver automation scripts and scalable testing frameworks. A Selenium learner should be comfortable with variables, data types, operators, conditions, loops, arrays, Strings, methods, classes, objects, constructors, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, interfaces, collections, exception handling, packages, file handling, and Maven.</p>

<p>After learning these concepts, learners can work with Selenium classes and interfaces such as WebDriver, WebElement, By, and browser-specific drivers. A basic Selenium Java workflow consists of starting a browser session, navigating to a page, finding elements, interacting with them, retrieving information, validating results, and ending the session. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}</p>

<p>The next stage is to learn Selenium locators, WebElement methods, waits, alerts, frames, windows, dropdowns, Actions API, screenshots, JavaScript execution, Page Object Model, TestNG or JUnit, data-driven testing, reporting, Maven, Selenium Grid, and CI/CD integration.</p>

<hr>

<h2>Course Resources</h2>

<p><strong>JustAcademy Selenium Training:</strong> <a href="https://www.justacademy.co/course-detail/selenium-training" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.justacademy.co/course-detail/selenium-training</a></p>

<p><strong>Register for Course Demo:</strong> <a href="https://www.justacademy.co/register-for-course-demo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.justacademy.co/register-for-course-demo</a></p>

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Introduction to Software Testing

Introduction to Selenium

Selenium Environment Setup

WebDriver Fundamentals

HTML & Web Elements

Selenium Locators

XPath in Selenium

Working with Web Elements

Waits in Selenium

Handling Browser Components

Dropdowns & Advanced Elements

Mouse & Keyboard Actions

JavaScript with Selenium

Selenium with Python

Selenium with Java

Test Automation Framework

TestNG / PyTest

Page Object Model

Data-Driven Testing

Selenium Grid

Advanced Selenium

Screenshots & Reporting

API & Database Integration

Selenium with CI/CD

Real-World Selenium Projects

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Java Basics for Selenium

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