How to Make a Class Immutable in Java
Creating Immutable Classes in Java
How to Make a Class Immutable in Java
In Java, a class can be made immutable by declaring all fields as final and providing only getters in the class without any setters. This ensures that the state of the object cannot be changed once it is instantiated, making it thread-safe and preventing unintended modifications. Immutability helps in writing more robust and predictable code, reduces complexity in multi-threaded environments, and promotes better design practices by encouraging better encapsulation and avoiding side effects.
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1 - Use the final keyword to mark the class as final, preventing it from being subclassed.
2) Make all fields in the class private and final so that their values cannot be changed once set.
3) Do not provide any setter methods for the fields.
4) If the fields are mutable objects, make sure to return a copy of the object in getter methods to avoid direct modification.
5) If the class contains mutable objects, make sure to defensively copy them in the constructor to prevent external modifications.
6) Make all methods in the class final to prevent overriding in subclasses.
7) Avoid allowing any modifications to the internal state of the class after object creation.
8) Ensure that all fields are initialized within the constructor and not modified afterwards.
9) If the class has any collections, return a read only version of the collection to prevent modifications.
10) Implement proper hashCode and equals methods to maintain consistent behavior in collections.
11) Consider using the builder pattern to create instances of the class with all necessary fields set during construction.
12) Avoid exposing any references to mutable objects within the class to maintain immutability.
13) If serialization is needed, implement readResolve method to return the same instance to maintain immutability.
14) Use defensive programming techniques to ensure that no external code can violate the immutability of the class.
15) Document clearly in the class javadoc that the class is immutable and explain the reasoning behind design decisions to help future developers understand and maintain the code.
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